The Mediterranean has joined the shale game, but as most of Europe’s Mediterranean countries drag their feet, all eyes are on Israel, Turkey, and Algeria.
For Israel, it will be a slow road without the majors. For Algeria, it’s full speed ahead, in theory—but the foreign interest is just dabbling for now due to a lack of shale infrastructure. For Turkey, the situation is more promising thanks to a renewed interest by the majors and a near-perfect blend of good governance and attractive fiscals. Here’s what the playing field looks like: Turkey Turkey is the best bet here. In Turkey, it’s all about the Dadas Shale, in which the majors have recently expressed a renewed interest, making the game immediately more promising for the North American juniors who are betting heavily on this play.
The Dadas Shale is being compared to Texas’ Eagle Ford shale and Oklahoma’s Woodford shale in both size and potential. What is that potential? Well, those who are investing in it say it has more than 100 million barrels of original oil in place. While nothing’s being produced, testing is about to begin and new technology has the majors and juniors highly optimistic. Positives • Everyone likes working with the Turkish government—permits are fast and bureaucracy is kept to a minimum. Turkey is too keen to become a regional energy hub to let bureaucracy stand in the way. There’s just too much riding on this.• Fiscal terms are very attractive: foreign companies get a flat 12.5% royalty tax and a 20% corporate tax rate
• The infrastructure is already there; it’s easy to refine and get to your choice of markets
• Shell has recently renewed its interest in Dadas (it’s about to drill five wells)
• ExxonMobil is in talks with the government right now about a Dadas license of its own Negatives • The National Oil Company is holding on to key geological data that would help the industry, but this year should see some new regulations that make exploration even easier
• This is still some way off (but Shell’s drilling in Dadas this year might be the turning point—at least the juniors think so) Israel Some think Israel is on the verge of a major energy revolution because of the combination of shale discoveries and a recent conventional natural gas discovery (16 trillion cubic feet). While Israel doesn’t have much by way of heavy oil, it does have world-class shale oil resources. Israel’s shale deposits sit just outside Jerusalem to the southwest, and estimates—which vary wildly—suggest a potential of between 100 billion and 250 billion barrels of oil. This is comparable to Saudi Arabia’s proven reserves.
Shale can contain both natural gas and oil, and in terms of oil, Israel’s shale plays put it in third place vis-à-vis expected volume, behind the US and China (but ahead of Russia). Positives • If these shale oil reserves can be extracted, we’re talking about making Israel a rival to Saudi Arabia Negatives • Geopolitical tectonics• Still in the very early stages of this game
• The regulatory environment isn’t perfect and the government has raised taxes since discoveries; permits are also hard to come by
• For now, this will remain a game for the juniors. The majors aren’t interested: it’s a bit tricky to operate in the Arab world and in Israel at the same time
• Because of the above, exploration and extraction will be SLOW, and the market will ignore it for now Algeria
Algeria—suffering from a decline in conventional production and foreign investment interest recently--has dived right into shale with its state-backed energy firm, Sonatrach. In fact, Algeria seems to be solely focusing on shale now and all its efforts are directed at attracting foreign partners to its shale plays.
Positives • Estimated 2 trillion cubic meters of shale gas reserves valued at $2.6 trillion (in three provinces that span 180,000 square kilometers)
• Soon-to-come (progressive) tax laws and regulations governing the industry; these new laws will encourage unconventional exploration (the opposite that is happening in Europe)
• Contractual terms are already favorable and the new tax law, if passed, will adjust royalty fees for levels of production. It will also adjust taxes on oil revenues to be proportionate with exploration difficulty and exploration risk
• Already-in-place: more favorable conditions for potential fracking partners
• The government has outlined an $80 billion energy investment plan; $60 billion of that is earmarked for exploration, the rest for infrastructure (including refining capacity) Negatives • Doesn’t have the infrastructure for shale (though that hasn’t stopped the interest—Italy’s Eni, Exxon Mobil Corp., Royal Dutch Shell to name a few)
• Commercial viability is still a long way off and we’re looking at some 400 test wells in the meantime
• The singular focus of the new hydrocarbon law on shale—at the expense of conventional exploration—is not necessarily sending the right message to foreign investors. Algeria needs its traditional oil and gas production to increase in order to fund its shale ambitions, and infrastructure …
• The ongoing hostage crisis at a BP-operated gas field in the Algerian Sahara desert bodes ill for the entire Sahel. This will reverberate throughout Algeria and then on to Niger and across the Sahel.
So where do you put your money? Turkey - no contest. This is a combination package that includes good governance, good fiscals, brilliant infrastructure and a clear pay off as soon as the juniors and majors strike shale. This is a solid, long-term play whose importance to Turkey’s overall energy ambitions cannot be understated.
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